The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example

The Italian strategies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example The Italian strategies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper The Italian strategies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper Exposition Topic: History The Italian strategies of Frederick Barbarossa, German ruler and Holy Roman Emperor hugy affected medieval Germany during the twelfth century. The topic of clerical versus common force broke out during the rulers rule when Germany was viewed as the most grounded government, having expert in Italy and the remainder of the Roman Empire. Everything looked good at Frederick Barbarossas promotion in 1152 to reestablish magnificent expert in Italy which had been in downfall since the Investiture challenge. Anyway this objective tossed the Holy Roman sovereign into a contention with the papacy, a hindrance that would demonstrate too difficult to even think about overcoming so as to accomplish all that which the ruler thought was denied to him. Anyway the Papacy additionally took care of holding Frederick in resistance. The Italian strategies were excessively degree and were done inadequate. The sovereigns Italian strategies at which he planned to recover from the papacy what he thought he was qualified for, were dubious yet creative. Frederick pointed, with the assistance of Chancellor Rainald of Dassel to reproduce the Holy Roman Empire to return it to the wonder long stretches of Rome and exercise the power that the Ottonian heads had done. 1This fight for land was fundamentally an approach to expand his incomes so he could keep what power he had in Germany over his most persuasive vassals, something his royal court sought after enthusiastically. The authority over the Papal States in such a primitive framework implied in principle he was leader of Rome, however since the time the Commune coordinated against the papacy had been set up in 1143 in Rome the discussion had been vociferous and convoluted. This would not just make a unified and solid domain, it would likewise scrutinize the job of formal attire in the papacy. This incredible design2 was proclaimed straightforwardly to the congregation in 1158 with the Roncaglia orders. The papacy resented this break from the Peace of Constance of 1153, (at which they had been partners) and his assurance to practice authority, particularly in focal and Northern Italy, declared in the Roncaglia orders. 3 The Roncaglia orders declared he would continue all formal attire, whole intensity of Bannus; full exercise of ward over all issues influencing property, life and freedom. This enmity, the papacy felt conflicted with the authority of God since the congregation ought to have authority over everything, and it brought about a break of the ecclesiastical collusion and a faction among the congregation. The papacy profoundly restricted the autonomy of numerous Lombard urban areas and would not permit any expansion in majestic force in Italy. 4 The ruler started his Italian strategy quickly, finishing four battles into Italy in 1164 and supporting numerous majestic popes during the 1160s. Considerably prior he had set up majestic guideline in Milan, during the hour of Hadrian IV, with little resistance from the papacy5 however Milan discovered partners in the cooperatives of Brescia and Piacenza. Milan was taken in 1162 and later wrecked which limited the counter royal alliances prospect for progress, while he constrained Alexander III into oust and enthroned Paschal III, a German in St. Dwindles in 1167. 6 The resistance of the Papacy to the Italian arrangement started with the progression of Alexander III, the sovereigns most imposing rival. The papacy had just discovered partners in the Lombard city of Milan after the Roncaglia Decrees. Magnificent standard over Milan was immediately addressed two years after Frederick had taken Milan 8when Manual I, the Byzantine sovereign sorted out a restriction in Venice, the League of Verona with its partners Verona, Padua and Vicenza, including the Norman King. This demonstrated to maybe make the best progress in restricting the Italian approaches of Frederick Barbarossa in Northern and Central Italy. The papacy went further in restriction under the legislative issues of Alexander III by banishing the sovereign after he set up Paschal III as pope. The papacy at that point proceeded in its resistance in 1167 when the Imperial armed force was crushed outside Rome, by expanding the League of Verona by aligning itself into the Lombard League in 1167, while simultaneously the pope contributed enormous wholes of cash. This demonstrated to wreck a large number of Fredericks aspirations and addition support for the papacy. Alexander III picked up the help of France and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, while in Denmark and Poland the rest of the partners of the supreme pope were banished. 10 A year later Alexander had the option to set up the city of Alessandria with the assistance of the League. The city of Alessandria was to the ruler an image of ecclesiastical accomplishment, and in spite of the fact that endeavors for settlement with the pope proceeded, the nearness of the Lombard League was something the head couldn't permit during harmony. The Italian arrangement again won with the fifth crusade in 1174 against Alessandria. The head again confronted rout and had the option to make harmony in Montebello with the League, yet the Italian approach by and by disrupted the general flow when Frederick couldn't acknowledge the consideration of Alexander III in the harmony. Fredericks willfulness in following his Italian approaches (even contrary to the papacy) anyway was debilitated and a little achievement was allowed to Alexander. The clash of Legnano in 1176 brought about a close to finish devastation of the magnificent matchless quality in Italy and persuaded the head to accommodate with the pope. 1 Negotiations at Anagni accomplished a broad settlement 12 among sovereign and pope. The sovereign had to deny the Matildine grounds and partner with Alexander. He conceded some freedom to the urban areas he controlled in Italy and acknowledged the job of overlord. At this stage the Italian strategies of Frederick had fizzled and the papacy was triumphant. The new relations with the pope had not demolished the It alian strategy, yet had rather finished this time of contention in the Peace of Venice in 1177. Bargain was the point of both Pope and head at the Peace of Venice. Frederick surrendered his concept of mastery of Italy consequently he stayed in charge of the German church, proof that the papacy was not as fruitful in practicing the possibility of an ecclesiastical government and that much strain had been put on its power over this period. 13 Peace with the Lombard group and Norman King anyway was not so much a thrashing of the Italian approach, it had removed a great part of the authority of Fredericks in Northern Italy yet it had left him the authority of the German church, in spite of the fact that this was not in Italy it implied the papacy was back where it began. Fredericks strategy got concentrated on the Matildine grounds and focal Italy. The Peace was broken when Frederick proceeded with his Italian approach during the 1180s; it was the cost of quietness over numerous issues (at the arrangement of Venice) which were to offer ascent to the difficulties. 14 Frederick vindicated the clash of Legnano in 1180 which was later trailed by the tranquility of Constance in 1183. 15 The Peace of Constance implied Frederick had to permit the individuals from the League to include broad established freedom inside the city dividers and the city region. In any case, Fredericks rights which could make huge money related benefits inside the city remained. Anyway with the demise of Alexander in 1181 there followed a line of latent popes who consented to the sovereign during his last Italian battle (118-6) accordingly fortifying his impact in Lombardy. By 1189 trade off was again on the table and the papacy was allowed various places in the Patrimony of St. Subside, restoring the zone around Rome as a Papal space. The papacy was left encircled at the passing of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190 when his child Henry VI got drew in to the beneficiary of the Norman Kingdom of Southern Italy. Frederick despite everything held regulatory force in certain pieces of focal Italy however his Italian strategy had fizzled. The Italian strategy had fizzled in light of the fact that it didn't address the subject of clerical versus magnificent position. Frederick Barbarosssas plans of preeminent mastery over the whole Holy Roman domain were not accomplished, yet however he yielded quite a bit of what he wished to pick up it isn't to state either that the papacy was totally fruitful. ) It had profoundly modified the spot of the papacy in the church16 and left the Holy Roman sovereigns replacements with numerous cases unanswered. The firm stance of Alexander III had not been proceeded and the head was left for at some point unopposed. The Lombard collectives can be perceived as the genuine explanation the papacy rose effective 17 yet the papacy had the future to manage, a future that discovered them encompassed by the Holy Roman Emperors authority. Both the head and the Papacy followed through on the cost of contention, yet the Papacy was effective enough to immobilize the Italian Policy of Frederick Barbarossa.

Timeline of the Rulers of France From 840 Until 2017

Timetable of the Rulers of France From 840 Until 2017 France created out of the Frankish realms that succeeded the Roman Empire, and all the more straightforwardly, out of the declining Carolingian Empire. The last had been set up by the incomparable Charlemagne however started parting into pieces not long after his demise. One of these pieces turned into the core of France, and French rulers would battle to fabricate another state out of it. After some time, they succeeded. Feelings fluctuate regarding who the primary French lord was, and the accompanying rundown incorporates the entirety of the transitional rulers, including the Carolingian and not French Louis I. In spite of the fact that Louis wasnt lord of the cutting edge element we call France, all the later French Louis (finishing with Louis XVIII in 1824) were numbered successively, utilizing him as the beginning stage, and its critical to recall that Hugh Capet didnt simply develop France, there was a since quite a while ago, befuddled history before him. This is an ordered rundown of the pioneers who have governed France; the dates given are the times of said rule. Later Carolingian Transition Despite the fact that the illustrious numbering begins with Louis, he was not a ruler of France but rather the beneficiary to a realm which secured quite a bit of focal Europe. His relatives would later break the domain. 814 - 840 Louis I (not a lord of France)840 - 877 Charles II (the Bald)877 - 879 Louis II (the Stammerer)879 - 882 Louis III (joint with Carloman below)879 - 884 Carloman (joint with Louis III above, until 882)884 - 888 Charles the Fat888 - 898 Eudes (likewise Odo) of Paris (non-Carolingian)898 - 922 Charles III (the Simple)922 - 923 Robert I (non-Carolingian)923 - 936 Raoul (additionally Rudolf, non-Carolingian)936 - 954 Louis IV (dOutremer or The Foreigner)954 - 986 Lothar (additionally Lothaire)986 - 987 Louis V (the Do-Nothing) Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet is commonly viewed as the primary lord of France yet it took him and his relatives to battle and extend, and battle and make due, to start to transform a little realm into incredible France. 987 - 996 Hugh Capet996 - 1031 Robert II (the Pious)1031 - 1060 Henry I1060 - 1108 Philip I1108 - 1137 Louis VI (the Fat)1137 - 1180 Louis VII (the Young)1180 - 1223 Philip II Augustus1223 - 1226 Louis VIII (the Lion)1226 - 1270 Louis IX (St. Louis)1270 - 1285 Philip III (the Bold)1285 - 1314 Philip IV (the Fair)1314 - 1316 Louis X (the Stubborn)1316 John I1316 - 1322 Philip V (the Tall)1322 - 1328 Charles IV (the Fair) Valois Dynasty The Valois line would battle the Hundred Years War with England and, on occasion, appeared as though they were losing their seats, and afterward ended up confronting strict division. 1328 - 1350 Philip VI1350 - 1364 John II (the Good)1364 - 1380 Charles V (the Wise)1380 - 1422 Charles VI (the Mad, Well-Beloved, or Foolish)1422 - 1461 Charles VII (the Well-Served or Victorious)1461 - 1483 Louis XI (the Spider)1483 - 1498 Charles VIII (Father of his People)1498 - 1515 Louis XII1515 - 1547 Francis I1547 - 1559 Henry II1559 - 1560 Francis II1560 - 1574 Charles IX1574 - 1589 Henry III Whiskey Dynasty The Bourbon lords of France incorporated the outright apogee of an European ruler, the Sun King Louis XIV, and only two individuals later, the lord who might be guillotined by an insurgency. 1589 - 1610 Henry IV1610 - 1643 Louis XIII1643 - 1715 Louis XIV (the Sun King)1715 - 1774 Louis XV1774 - 1792 Louis XVI First Republic The French Revolution cleared away the ruler and murdered their lord and sovereign; the Terror which followed the turning of the progressive standards was in no sense an improvement. 1792 - 1795 National Convention1795 - 1799 Directory (Directors)1795 - 99 Paul Franã §ois Jean Nicolas de Barras1795 - 99 Jean-Franã §ois Reubell1795 - 99 Louis Marie La Revellã ­ere-Lã ©peaux1795 - 97 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot1795 - 97 Etienne Le Tourneur1797 Franã §ois Marquis de Barthã ©lemy1797 - 99 Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai1797 - 98 Franã §ois de Neufchã ¢teau1798 - 99 Jean Baptiste Comte de Treilhard1799 Emmanuel Joseph Comte de Sieyã ©s1799 Roger Comte de Ducos1799 Jean Franã §ois Auguste Moulins1799 Louis Gohier1799 - 1804 Consulate1st Consul: 1799 - 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte2nd Consul: 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Comte de Sieyã ©s,1799 - 1804 Jean-Jacques Rã ©gis Cambacã ©rã ¨s3rd Consul: 1799 - 1799 Pierre-Roger Ducos1799 - 1804 Charles Franã §ois Lebrun First Empire (Emperors) The insurgency was finished by the overcoming trooper legislator Napoleon, yet he neglected to make an enduring administration. 1804 - 1814 Napoleon I1814 - 1815 Louis XVIII (king)1815 Napoleon I (second time) Whiskeys (Restored) The reclamation of the imperial family was a trade off, yet France stayed in social and political motion, prompting one more difference in house. 1814 - 1824 Louis XVIII1824 - 1830 Charles X Orleans Louis Philippe became ruler, predominantly because of crafted by his sister; he would go wrong not long after she was no longer around to help. 1830 - 1848 Louis Philippe Second Republic (Presidents) The Second Republic didnt keep going long mostly on account of the majestic claims of a specific Louis Napoleon... 1848 Louis Eugã ©ne Cavaignac1848 - 1852 Louis Napoleon (later Napoleon III) Second Empire (Emperors) Napoleon III was identified with Napoleon I and exchanged on family popularity, yet he was fixed by Bismarck and the Franco-Prussian war. 1852 - 1870 (Louis) Napoleon III Third Republic (Presidents) The Third Republic purchased steadiness as far as the structure of government and figured out how to adjust to the First World War. 1870 - 1871 Louis Jules Trochu (provisional)1871 - 1873 Adolphe Thiers1873 - 1879 Patrice de MacMahon1879 - 1887 Jules Grã ©vy1887 - 1894 Sadi Carnot1894 - 1895 Jean Casimir-Pã ©rier1895 - 1899 Fã ©lix Faure1899 - 1906 Emile Loubet1906 - 1913 Armand Falliã ¨res1913 - 1920 Raymond Poincarã ©1920 - Paul Deschanel1920 - 1924 Alexandre Millerand1924 - 1931 Gaston Doumergue1931 - 1932 Paul Doumer1932 - 1940 Albert Lebrun Vichy Government (Chief of State) It was the Second World War which devastated the Third Republic, and a vanquished France attempted to discover a type of freedom under WW1 saint Petain. Nobody came out well. 1940 - 1944 Henri Philippe Petain Temporary Government (Presidents) France must be revamped after the war, and that began with settling on the new government. 1944 - 1946 Charles de Gaulle1946 Fã ©lix Gouin1946 Georges Bidault1946 Leon Blum Fourth Republic (Presidents) 1947 - 1954 Vincent Auriol1954 - 1959 Renã © Coty Fifth Republic (Presidents) Charles de Gaulle came back to attempt to quiet social distress and started the Fifth Republic, which despite everything structures the administration structure of contemporary France. 1959 - 1969 Charles de Gaulle1969 - 1974 Georges Pompidou1974 - 1981 Valã ©ry Giscard dEstaing1981 - 1995 Franã §ois Mitterand1995 - 2007 Jacques Chirac2007 - 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy2012 - Francois Hollande2017 - Emmanuel Macron

How to Use Quotes in a Literary Analysis Essay

How to Use Quotes in a Literary Analysis Essay Quotes in literary essays serve as textual evidence used to strengthen your interpretation of the text. When inserted correctly, quotes support your arguments and bring the necessary background to your writing. However, when used incorrectly, quotations can only bring mess in your essay and ruin your arguments. This guide will help you understand how to quote effectively. When to use quotes Your tutor has probably told you to back-up your thesis statement with arguments. However, randomly used quotes will hardly strengthen your idea. You should use quotes at selected moments because the major part of your essay should be your own thoughts (it is your essay, isnt it?). Here are some conditions using quotes: When you want to include particularly important words from an authoritative source to highlight the credibility of your argument. When you need to include information that is not generally known. When you want to include a passage that is worthy of analysis. When you want to analyze and evaluate a someones work. The third point is especially useful in literary analysis essay. If you find an argument which is relevant to your topic, but it is not one of those four cases described above, consider: Summarizing: sketch only the key point in the passage; Paraphrasing: convey the information from the passage in your own words. Depending on what type of paper you are writing, you can also use other types of evidence like statics, paraphrasing, or data. As distinct from the literary essay, scientific writing relies on summarizing more than direct quotes. Obviously, you should consider the discipline and audience for which you are writing. For instance, literary essay or analysis should include direct quotes from the original text you are analyzing while Sociology or Political Science papers may rely on statistics and paraphrasing. How to incorporate quotes into text Once you have decided which quotes you need to use, your next step is to incorporate them into your essay. Remember, the words and explanations which you include before and after a quote are as important as the quote itself. Imagine that your quotation is the filling in a pizza: it is tasty, but nobody is going to eat it without a pizza dough. Your comments are going to serve as a “dough”, a necessary part of each pizza. Here are some instructions for inserting and following up quotations: Attribute a quote to the source Dont forget to specify who is speaking. Provide context The quotation does not tell a story on its own. Therefore, you have to provide a clear context that sets when, why or under what circumstances the quote was written. Introduce a quotation To introduce a quote, explain what it is intended to show. How to format quotations in MLA style As a rule, the literary essay or analysis is written in the MLA format. Use these guidelines and examples to format your MLA-quotes correctly. Short Quotes Short quotes (no more than four lines of prose text and three lines of poetic text) should be enclosed within quotation marks. Include the authors name and the page number (for poetry â€" provide the line numbers). Long Quotes If your quote consists of more than four lines of prose or poetry, you have to indent it from the main text, but do not center it. Indenting will show that the text is a quote, so you dont need to put quotation marks. Examples For both short and long quotes, use the following punctuation and formatting: People are described by Kenneth Burke as symbol-using animals (3). People are described as symbol-using animals (Burke 3). Some describe people as symbol-using animals (Burke 3), but the others disagree. For poetry, use the original formatting and put poetry line numbers: She spired into a yellow flame, She flowered in blossoms red, She flowed into a foaming wave, She stood Monadnocks head. (120-124) Formatting may influence your grade, so use these tips to make sure that you format your quotations correctly!

Rhetorical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein

A common tactic used by many anti-slavery writers in the Romantic Era is â€Å"in speaking for and/or giving voice to an estranged or silenced other†, by giving the victim of the power struggle the rhetorical devices needed to gain power (Kitson, 519). Shelley gives the creature not just a voice, but an entire Volume of the book. However, she does this in an effort to reinforce the â€Å"moral superiority [which] means that [Frankenstein] will rarely question the validity of his own society’s formation and that he will not be inclined to expend any energy in understanding the worthless alterity of the colonized† (JanMohamed, 65). In other words, the creature’s words only reinforce the struggle of power between the creature and Frankenstein. Instead of giving a voice with which the creature can gain power, Shelley uses this voice to break the monster further by reinforcing the ideas of Frankenstein. Directly, Shelley allows Frankenstein to initially sympath ize with the creature, whose â€Å"words had a strange effect upon me†¦[but] when I saw the filthy mass†¦my heart sickened and my feelings were altered to those of horror and hatred†¦ I could not sympathize with him,† (Shelly, 103); but eventually, when the reality of the creature as a monster (and not a human) is recognized, Shelley leaves no room for sympathy. Not only does Frankenstein’s perception go against prominent anti-slavery writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s message that â€Å"no man is wicked without temptation, no man is wretchedShow MoreRelatedMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesThe Critical Metamorphoses of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein You must excuse a trif ling d eviation, From Mrs. Shelley’s marvellous narration — from th e musical Frankenstein; or, The Vamp ire’s Victim (1849) Like Coleridge’ s Ancient Mariner , who erupts into Mary Sh elley’s text as o ccasionally and inev itably as th e Monster into Victor Frankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech Read MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 PagesG F I C T I O N MODULE 1 1.1. The fictional world of a literary work Literature is writing that can be read in many ways. We can read it as a form of history, biography, or autobiography. We can read it as an example of linguistic structures or rhetorical conventions manipulated for special effect. We can view it as a material product of the culture that produced it. We can see it as an expression of beliefs and values of a particular class. We can also see a work of literature as a selfcontained

Abortion An Accidental Termination Of A Human Pregnancy

Introduction Abortion is defined as the intentional termination of a human pregnancy. An abortion is often done so that the birth of a child doesn’t happen. Some say abortion is wrong and sinful while others say it’s a good idea since it won’t bring an unwanted child into the world. Abortion is also considered morally wrong since its killing a growing baby or fetus as it is often referred as. Abortion can also be seen as murder since the process of abortion kills the baby. Some argue that it should be the woman’s decision, but what about the baby? Doesn’t he/she get the right to live? It might not be moral, but is it legal to have an abortion procedure in the U.S? Does the government stand by this heinous act? Now, when women make these kind of decisions do they look at what it could possibly do to their health, how is it affected? Don’t they feel any remorse for this horrible deed? How can people continue living a perfectly normal life knowing that they agreed to kill a defenseless baby? Not all the reasons to get and abortion are wrong some might be life threatening cases like the child might not make it to birth or the mother is not strong enough and both lives are at risk. Possibly the woman got raped and doesn’t want the baby to be the constant reminder of that incident. But is that a good enough reason to take someone’s life? For the foreseeable future abortion will be an extremely hot topic for discussion. Women rights A lot of people argue that abortion should goShow MoreRelatedAbortion : An Accidental Termination Of A Human Pregnancy1272 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Abortion is defined as the intentional termination of a human pregnancy. An abortion is often done so that the birth of a child doesn’t happen. Some say abortion is wrong and sinful while others say it’s a good idea since it won’t bring an unwanted child into the world. Abortion is also considered morally wrong since its killing a growing baby or fetus as it is often referred as. Abortion can also be seen as murder since the process of abortion kills the baby. Some argue that it shouldRead MoreIs Abortion Wrong? Abortion? Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesTonitta Tottress Kelly Eliis 11/1/14 Eng. 1302 Is Abortion Wrong? What is abortion? Well some say it’s the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Maybe it’s when the pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child known as termination birth (www.bpas.org) and last but not least from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, they state that â€Å"abortion is ending a pregnancy before the fetus (unborn child) can live independentlyRead MoreThe Morality of Abortion Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe Morality of Abortion On the question of abortion being moral, the answer is clearly that terminating a fetus life under certain circumstances is not only moral, but it is also our responsibility to terminate it if the quality of life is in question for the fetus. A second major reason is that to declare abortion immoral would mean that we would have to consider the factor of how the conception came about. This cannot and should not be done. Quality is a major factor in the questionRead MoreAgainst Or Forward About Abortion1749 Words   |  7 PagesForward about Abortion Today’s society consists of many health concerns, unresolved, and controversial issues. Many of these issues can be viewed in relation to one’s morals, ethics, and religious beliefs. This creates a society that is divided by opposing viewpoints. The 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines abortion as, â€Å"The termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus as a spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus duringRead MoreAbortion: Murder or Necessity766 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Murder or Necessity Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before it is viable. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced. Abortion, when induced in accordance with the local law, is among the safest procedures in medicine. However, unsafe abortions (those performed by persons without proper training or outside of a medical environment)Read MoreLegalization of Abortion: A Controversy2153 Words   |  9 PagesAbortion Should abortion be legalized? Part One: Introduction and Thesis Abortion is the termination to a pregnancy after the baby has been conceived. It basically involves the woman putting an end to her underdeveloped embryo or the fetus. This may be done at different stages of the pregnancy and may be done for various reasons. The controversy exists between whether or not this is ethical and whether it should be legalized. Some countries allow the woman to put an end to her pregnancy withRead MoreOn Thomson s A Defense Of Abortion Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesOn Thomson’s â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† Abortion is the intentional and deliberate termination of a human pregnancy that results in the death of a fetus. It is a practice that has sparked many debates centering around arguments over women’s right and fetal rights. Judith Jarvis Thomson’s essay, â€Å"A Defense of Abortion,† argues that a fetus’s right to life does not always override a women’s right over her own body and thus abortion is not morally impermissible. By using thought experiments, ThomsonRead MoreShould Abortion Be Banned?1847 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is an induced and sudden termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortions, Medical and Surgical. The medical method involves taking two pills within 24 hours of each other thus killing the fetus, but this method is usually done during 3-7 weeks of pregnancy. The surgical method, on the other hand involves a doctor removing the inner lining of the womb, either manual vacuum aspiration or di latation suction curettage. Both of these methods use a suction processRead MoreThe Issue Of Value Of Abortion1558 Words   |  7 Pagesher life is valued, and an unborn child is no different. Abortion is murder and should be put to an end now. Although one may call an unborn child useless, or out of touch with physical reality, it would be a ghastly mistake to say that an unborn child’s life is of no value. This is type of message that abortion is portraying in society. The word abortion means deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Additionally, the evil of abortion has a negative impact on the quality of the mother’s lifeRead MoreEthical Theories Of The Debate Over Abortion1741 Words   |  7 Pagesof them is that it is considered selfish. Egoism, is not necessarily selfish in that it may be in your own self-interest to do something for others. To help further explain my understanding of egoism, I’d like to bring up the topic of abortion. The debate over abortion has been going on for a while. As time goes by, my opinions on the topic have changed, especially when I learn about the different arguments each side makes. I will take some arguments from both sides to help explain egoism. Through

The State Of Dental Care For Native Americans Essay

Irregardless of your political stance; healthcare is a service that all people should have access to, private, or public. In the wealthiest country in the world, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they deserve, and the consequences are harming. The state of dental care for Native Americans is appalling. Native Americans are faced with oral ailments at a ridiculously disproportionate rate compared to other ethnic or cultural groups, and have limited access to adequate care. Despite the valiant efforts of sovereign tribal governments, the obstacles that they face are difficult to overcome alone. Reform is necessary; and must be accomplished as soon as possible, so dental care can be provided to thousands of people in need. Tribal sovereignty is the right of independent authority for governing tribal members. In regards to dental care, this is the right to train, license, and employ dental care professionals. Right now it is not working, in the case of dental care. Alaskan Tribal Members are a prime example of just how difficult it is to provide accessible healthcare to Native Americans. In a study about improving the oral health of Alaskan Natives, published on PubMed Central of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, it was stated that â€Å"Disregarding the 3 largest population centers in Alaska [Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau], the state has a population density of about 0.5 people per square mile,Show MoreRelatedThe American Dental Association Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesRegardless of your political stance, dental care is a service that all people should have access to, privately, or publicly. In the United States alone, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they require, the consequences are harmful to their health and prosperity. Tribal sovereignty is defined as the right for an independent tribal authority to govern its members. In regards to dental care, this is the right to train, license, and employRead MoreBenefits Of Indian Health Services1001 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do you think when you hear health care providers and the services they provide? The ACA has increased government interaction with the healthcare system by developing several of the government initiatives that focus on improving the ability of individuals to make informed decisions about their health care. In this paper, it will provide information about few providers and the services that they provide as well as the quality of attention. Health Care Providers and Products. Indian Health ServicesRead MoreI m Scared Of The Dentist1647 Words   |  7 Pagesright place. At Aesthetic Dental Center, we meet patients every day who battle some level of dental fear or anxiety. We work hard to help patients with this problem get the care they need. Even if you are very fearful (even phobic), we can help you. Don’t let your fear or anxiety get in the way of good oral health. Don’t Let Fear Wreck Your Smile We regularly meet patients who have waited too long to make their appointment due to fear. These patients often have advanced dental issues, such as seriousRead MoreThe Native American Indian Population1293 Words   |  6 Pageschosen is the Native American population, also known as American Indian. Aside from the information given by this course, a Children’s Literature class taken at the Newark branch of the Ohio State University also contributed to my decision. During a lecture there was a guest speaker of Native American descent, she grew up on a reservation, and in her work she wrote and illustrated the Native American culture and lifestyle. Her lecture consisted of the perspective of the Native American population duringRead MoreThe American Academy Of Pediatric Dentistry1749 Words   |  7 Pagesmany believe that dental care is relatively attainable for individuals across the United States, research proves otherwise. Especially for those thought to be the future of ou r nation: children. Often times, children that are most vulnerable and least likely to receive care are those who are in the direst need. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry reports that over 37% of children are not provided dental visits and 4.3 million children are living with severe unmet dental needs that can greatlyRead MoreOral Health And The Practice Of Treating Disease As Isolated And Distinct Problems1502 Words   |  7 PagesSyndemics in Oral Health Syndemics, is the critique of the practice of treating disease as isolated and distinct problems. In dental care, the link between illness and oral diseases are not looked at with a syndemic approach. Nolan Kline (2013) mentions in his article: Syndemic understandings of health can offer suggestions on how to effectively treat concurrent illnesses†¦ Research emphasizing the role of socioeconomic status (SES) on syndemic health conditions has shown how mutually reinforcingRead MoreDental Tips For Dental School1458 Words   |  6 PagesIf I decide to go to dental school and become a dentist, my job duties will consist of treating issues of the teeth and surrounding tissues in the mouth and also providing insight to prevent future dental problems (Dentist Job Description - Job Descriptions). The role of dentists in society is to monitor oral hygiene of patients in order to prevent gum disease which can further lead to heart disease, ultimately reducing casualties from oral cancers and heart disease (Gum Disease Can Lead to HighRead MoreI Am Walking The Halls Of An American School763 Words   |  4 PagesIt was August 2001, the first year I would be walking the halls of an American school. The year before I was in my na tive country of South Korea which has a much different culture than the United States. I was unable to find interest in many of the things typical American teens would occupy their time with. It was during that time that I met a dentist who allowed me to shadow and perform basic dental duties such as replacing the rubber bands on his patients’ braces and peeling an apple with aRead MoreAbortion : A Common Medical Procedure979 Words   |  4 Pages2000. Studies show that one in three women will have an abortion sometime in their life. There has been a constant religious and political debates between health care and abortion services. Many people believe they shouldn’t have to pay for their own abortion, just like they don’t have to pay for their birth control, doctor visits, or dental. This is an accusation that many pro-life people like to use on women who believe that anyone can have control on when and if they have children. The first thingRead MoreNursing Profession Vs. Dentistry Profession Essay2124 Words   |  9 PagesAccess to Care in the Nursing Profession vs. Dentistry Profession The nursing profession looks at access to care in many different aspects. The Affordable Care Act has changed the nursing profession. The Affordable Care Act has changed how nurses document and care for patients. Access to care in the nursing profession also refers to how different populations can get easily health services are available to them. This paper focuses on how vulnerable populations get healthcare aid and what situations

Nursing Leadership and Policy Development

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Leadership and Policy Development. Answer: Intoduction: Hospital-acquired infections are responsible for several deaths occurring in patients, which led to an emergence of the National Audit and standard infection control precautions in every country (Carrucan et al. 2015). Hospital-acquired infections effect the inpatient population thereby increasing the length of stay, hospital cost, morbidity and mortality. Literature evidence shows the link between "hand washing and transmission of infection." To prevent nosocomial infection in hospital setting hand hygiene practice is the single most effective method reported in literature (Dyson et al. 2013). The British government has introduced "Clinical governance" in 1998 (Trong 2013). It is recognized as a framework that refers to the accountability of the health organizations to ensure high standards of care and improve the quality of the care services (Newman et al. 2015). The essay is based on the clinical audit of adherence to hand washing in mental health setting using the standard audit criteria. The paper provides a brief literature review on clinical audit and its significance which was commenced after the start of the project. The essay suggests the improvement strategies for hand hygiene practices after the audit. Clinical governance laid emphasis on conducting the clinical audit to measure the implementation of the infection control policies and procedures (Spigelman and Rendalls 2015). According to Boudjema et al. (2014) clinical audit is a clinically led initiative to measure the health professional practices in the hospital setting. It is a tool to examine and modify the practices of clinicians to align with the established national standards and best available evidence. The benefits of auditing include infection control, improved quality of patient care and professional development (Nicholson 2014). In recent years, many hand hygiene practice audits have been conducted in various health care setting and have been documented. There are five stages of audit, and the first step is to select the topic for audit considering relevant questions (Szilgyi et al. 2013). For example- Is there any serious patient complaints on care quality? What is the priority of the problem to the organization? Is it amenable to change by investing effort and time? The purpose of auditing the hand washing practice in health care setting is because of the literature evidence linking hand washing and transmission of infection (Nicholson 2014) Hand hygiene is an essential practice to ensure infection control in the hospital setting. In most of the literature good compliance with hand washing protocol is found to depend on various factors (Jain et al. 2015). It is commonly documented that inappropriate facilities are the commonest barrier to good hand hygiene adherence (Boudjema et al. 2015). Therefore, assessment of hand hygiene technique performed by the health care staff is as essential as measuring when and how they perform it. One way to assess is by observation of hand washing technique periodically to know if the staff is using an adequate volume of gel, liquid soap or alcohol-based hand rub (White et al. 2015). The clinical audit helps to know if the staff is using the required product for hand wash for a sufficient period and if they are a voiding recontamination after hand wash. Such audit also helps to identify if there are adequate facilities in the health care setting to enable strong compliance with the good hand hygiene practice (Azim and McLaws 2014). Further White et al. (2015) stated that the hand washing behaviour among health workers is complex and is influenced by individual perception, attitudes, beliefs and institutional commitment. Consequently, the audit reveals that the practice is compliant or non-compliant which corresponds to the second stage of the audit (Szilgyi et al. 2013) The rationale for selecting the mental health setting for auditing the hand washing procedure because in much of the literature it is reported that it is challenging for the psychiatric facilities to implement infection control practice. This is attributed to the fact that mostly hand hygiene protocols are designed for acute care facilities (Gallo and Barlow 2012). This is because these facilities include areas and procedures where hands are soiled such as exposure to body fluid. The lack of hand hygiene guidelines in mental health setting is less likelihood of the nurses and the health professionals to engage and contact the patient intimately thereby minimising the need of hand washing (Stewardson et al. 2016). The cause of infection in mental health settings is patients with mental illnesses who do not care for themselves or maintain cleanliness. Therefore, it increases the risk of nosocomial infection and transmission (Wolf and Fazel 2016). The population chosen for hand wash aud iting includes nursing staff. The medical staff and the nurses are the agents of change in practice. They can promote and ensure infection control by sharing their good hand washing knowledge and practices with the qualified staff (White et al. 2015). The total number of participants who completed the questionnaire were 114 out of which 44% were registered mental health nurses and all of age 25-50 years, and 46% were unqualified staff including domestic staff and care workers. Demographic details are not shared to maintain anonymity. The facility studied in this survey provides care for elderly people with the range of cognitive problems. They are considered at risk for not strictly adhering to hand hygiene protocol and need regular prompts regarding the same. Before clinical audit is written consent was taken from the selected population for audit as mentioned by (Szilgyi et al. 2013). Also, the author has performed a thorough literature review to get insights into the standards set for audit. According to the recommendations of "World Health Organisation," hand washing is required for contacting a patient at five different points also known as five moments of hand wash (Appndix). These include exposure to body fluids, before the aseptic task, before and after the patient contact and also their surrounding (Chou et al. 2012). As per the "National Institute for Clinical Excellence" standards, after every episode of direct contact with a patient, hands must be decontaminated immediately (Rawlins 2015). In fact, in any case or different patient care activities that result in hand contamination, hand washing is recommended with "alcohol-based hand rub" unless the hands are visibly soiled. Yue et al. (2014) analyzed that alcohol-based hand rub has more efficiency when compared to antiseptic soap in decontamination of hand. The author uses these standards to design an audit plan for their measurement. The third stage of audit requires a collection of data from the current practice by the assigned examiner (Szilgyi et al. 2013). For this purpose, questionnaire is chosen as an instrument that will assist in collecting accurate data as mentioned in Appendix to determine the adherence of nursing staff to the hand hygiene practice. The audit tool was designed to contain two parts. In the first part of the questionnaire the respondents have to answer as YES/NO. Three questions were framed for the registered nurses In the second part of the questionnaire, 12 questions were framed (Appendix). After designing the audit tool, the examiner starts with the observation of practice particularly during the busy hours to identify any non-compliance. As per the data collected from the first part of the questionnaire, 80% of the participants used the correct procedure for hand wash. All the participants dried their hands thoroughly after hand wash. Hand hygiene before the patient contact was implemented by 40% of the nurses, and after patient contact, 100% of nurses implemented hand hygiene. As per the results obtained from the second part of the questionnaire, 92% of the participants answered that ABHR was always available in the work area with 8% answering that it was not available. Majority of the participants preferred ABHR over the use of soap and water. When asked they answered that soap was effective only when the hands were visibly soiled. This response was in alignment with 100% negative response to the question If your hands are visibly soiled do you cleanse your hands with ABHR? All the participants answered yes to the question do ABHR save time when performing hand hygiene. As per the results 90% of the respondents feel that ABHR adequately cleans their hands. When asked about the presence of alcohol/detergent impregnated wipes in the practice area for equipments like stethoscopes the participants were confused. As the nurses have busy schedule they tend to forget about the alcohol wipes. It was the reason why most of the participants could not recall if wipes were present. To this question only 58% answered true and 42% answered false. Among the participants, 50% agreed using alcohol/detergent impregnated wipes to regularly wipe their equipment, 92% agreed to have easy accessibility to hospital-supplied moisturiser and regularly used it 3 times a shift. The reaming 8% nurses could not access the moisturiser and could not answer where it would be placed otherwise. The remaining nurses who do not use moisturiser was due to time constraint and busy schedule although all the participants were aware of its benefits. Only 23% of the participants agreed that they have attended in-service on hand hygiene in the last 12 months but all of them have not completed the on-line learning package. 100% nurses believe that hand washing is an important feature for infection control. Nurses (44%) were aware of the guidelines related to "patient hand washing." However, only 38% of them could give the guidance details. It was evident from the results that there were no issues such as lack of washing facilities. When asked about the barriers to hand wash prevention the staff reported that there were low staffing levels; forgetfulness by staff, a size of washbasins, and lack of time. One of the nurses stated that hand washing was not required as they were not exposed to patients body fluid (urine or saliva) and because they were assisted by other staff. Only 83% of the nurses washed hands before donning gloves whereas all of them performed hand hygiene after removing gloves. The audit data was compared to the set standards to compare and determine if the nurses and staff met the hand hygiene practice standards. The results concluded that the hand washing standards were not fully met. The correct procedure for hand washing was implemented by only 80% of the registered mental health nurses. As per the guidelines of NICE, both before and after the patient, contact hands must be thoroughly decontaminated (Yue et al. 2014). However, in this psychiatric facility, sixty per cent of the nurses failed to practice hand hygiene before patient activity such as assisting with ADLs, applying oxygen masks, administering oral meds. This is an extremely low percentage of adherences to the hand hygiene standards. However, all the nurses performed hand hygiene after touching patient and after exposure to the body fluid of the patient and also after the risk of body fluid exposure. Only 35% of the nurses performed hand hygiene after touching the patients surrounding such as cleaning dining table or changing bed linen. Similarly the percentage of the nurses washing hands before any procedure such as opening a sterile material, instilling eye drops was found to be only 55%. According to the "Nursing and Midwifery Council," the staff must prevent any action that has the potential to harm them, other staff and their patients (Newman et al. 2015). When ten observations of hand wash were noted nine of the instances either followed or preceded with the patient contact. The overall percentage of registered nurses who demonstrated a correct hand hygiene technique was found satisfactory. This is the matter of grave concern as majority of the nurses did not follow the hand hygiene protocol despite being aware of its effectiveness in the infection control. Since the results are analysed, we commence with the fifth stage of an audit which is suggestions for improvement. It is suggested that regular training session on "correct hand hygiene procedure" should be organized. It should be carried out by trained nurse for infection control practice and with a stringent maintenance of attendance records of those attending the training. This will enhance the hand hygiene awareness among the staff and will educate them about the correct technique and time (Stewardson et al. 2013). There must be hospital policy of regular audit (every six months for four hours) implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the training. Further, there is a need of emphasizing hand hygiene more before and after the patient activity. All the healthcare professionals are advised to update their clinical audit knowledge by attending seminars and workshops (Huis et al. 2012). The barriers to hand washing in several cases were reported to be patient's aggressive behaviour (Wolf and Fazel 2016). For this study simple audit tool was chosen due to time constraints. Since most of the ha nd hygiene campaigns are mostly targeted to acute care setting; these survey findings may change this attitude. The proposed outcome of this study may be reinvigorated campaigns targeting psychiatric settings. References Azim, S. and McLaws, M.L., 2014. Doctor, do you have a moment? National Hand Hygiene Initiative compliance in Australian hospitals.Med J Aust,200(9), pp.534-7. Boudjema, S., Dufour, J.C., Aladro, A.S., Desquerres, I. and Brouqui, P., 2014. MediHandTrace: a tool for measuring and understanding hand hygiene adherence.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(1), pp.22-28. Carrucan, J., Smyth, W., Abernethy, G., Mason, M., Sparke, V., Hayes, M. and Shields, L., 2014. Patients' perceptions of hospital-acquired infections in two facilities in North Queensland, Australia: a pilot study.Annals of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine,15, pp.55-56. Chou, D.T.S., Achan, P. and Ramachandran, M., 2012. The World Health Organization 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene.J Bone Joint Surg Br,94(4), pp.441-445. Dyson, J., Lawton, R., Jackson, C. and Cheater, F., 2013. Development of a theory-based instrument to identify barriers and levers to best hand hygiene practice among healthcare practitioners.Implementation Science,8(1), p.1. Gallo, K.P. and Barlow, D.H., 2012. Factors involved in clinician adoption and nonadoption of evidence?based interventions in mental health.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,19(1), pp.93-106. Huis, A., van Achterberg, T., de Bruin, M., Grol, R., Schoonhoven, L. and Hulscher, M., 2012. A systematic review of hand hygiene improvement strategies: a behavioural approach.Implementation Science,7(1), p.1. Jain, S., Edgar, D., Bothe, J., Newman, H., Wilson, A., Bint, B., Brown, M., Alexander, S. and Harris, J., 2015. Reflection on observation: A qualitative study using practice development methods to explore the experience of being a hand hygiene auditor in Australia.American journal of infection control,43(12), pp.1310-1315. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Newman, H., Alexander, S., Bint, B., Bothe, J., Brown, M., Edgar, D., Harris, J., Jain, S. and Wilson, A., 2015. A QUALITATIVE STUDY USING PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT METHODS TO EXPLORE THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING A HAND HYGIENE AUDITOR IN AUSTRALIA.HNE Handover: For Nurses and Midwives,8(2). Nicholson, L., 2014. Healthcare-associated infections: the value of patient isolation.Nursing Standard,29(6), pp.35-44. Rawlins, M.D., 2015. National Institute for Clinical Excellence: NICE works.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,108(6), pp.211-219. Spigelman, A.D. and Rendalls, S., 2015. Clinical governance in Australia.Clinical Governance: An International Journal,20(2), pp.56-73. Stewardson, A.J., Allegranzi, B., Perneger, T.V., Attar, H. and Pittet, D., 2013. Testing the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework for usability and reliability.Journal of Hospital Infection,83(1), pp.30-35. Stewardson, A.J., Sax, H., Gayet-Ageron, A., Touveneau, S., Longtin, Y., Zingg, W. and Pittet, D., 2016. Enhanced performance feedback and patient participation to improve hand hygiene compliance of health-care workers in the setting of established multimodal promotion: a single-centre, cluster randomised controlled trial.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,16(12), pp.1345-1355. Szilgyi, L., Haidegger, T., Lehotsky, ., Nagy, M., Csonka, E.A., Sun, X., Ooi, K.L. and Fisher, D., 2013. A large-scale assessment of hand hygiene quality and the effectiveness of the WHO 6-steps.BMC infectious diseases,13(1), p.1. Taylor, A., Neuburger, J., Walker, K., Cromwell, D. and Groene, O., 2016. How is feedback from national clinical audits used? Views from English National Health Service trust audit leads.Journal of health services research policy, p.1355819615612826. Trong Tuan, L., 2013. The role of CSR in clinical governance and its influence on knowledge sharing.Clinical Governance: An International Journal,18(2), pp.90-113. White, K.M., Jimmieson, N.L., Graves, N., Barnett, A., Cockshaw, W., Gee, P., Page, K., Campbell, M., Martin, E., Brain, D. and Paterson, D., 2015. Key beliefs of hospital nurses hand-hygiene behaviour: protecting your peers and needing effective reminders.Health Promotion Journal of Australia,26(1), pp.74-78. White, K.M., Jimmieson, N.L., Obst, P.L., Graves, N., Barnett, A., Cockshaw, W., Gee, P., Haneman, L., Page, K., Campbell, M. and Martin, E., 2015. Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the 5 critical moments among Australian hospital-based nurses.BMC health services research,15(1), p.1. Wolf, A. and Fazel, S., 2016. Infection in people with severe mental illness.The Lancet Psychiatry,3(3), pp.203-204. www.hha.org.au. 2017. Hand Hygiene Observation - Coding Classification Sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.hha.org.au/UserFiles/file/AuditTools/CodingSheet2010-05-03.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Yue, J., Tabloski, P., Dowal, S.L., Puelle, M.R., Nandan, R. and Inouye, S.K., 2014. NICE to HELP: operationalizing National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines to improve clinical practice.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,62(4), pp.754-761.